San Francisco Frontiers - Scientist confronting the rising global threat of mosquitoes

She has since dedicated her life to studying mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit -- a concern that looms ever larger as climate change expands the area where the insects roam.

"You have to accept being bitten by a mosquito from time to time," the 63-year-old entomologist at France's Pasteur Institute told AFP.

"But we have to avoid too many people getting sick and dying from the infections," Failloux said as she observed a mosquito trap being installed in the woods east of French capital Paris.

A keen seamstress, Failloux had sown the trap's netting herself.

Every few days over summer, these traps will be checked to see if the tiger mosquitoes inside could have spread yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya or Zika.

Once confined to the tropics, these mosquitoes have recently been detected in greater number across France and elsewhere, raising fears of outbreaks.

Failloux's life-long interest in mosquitoes goes back to a childhood spent in Papeete, Tahiti, where her shopkeeper parents arrived at the end of the 19th century.

While it seemed a tropical paradise, the island suffered from shockingly high rates of elephantiasis, which swells limbs to immense proportions. The condition is caused by a bacteria called Wuchereria bancrofti.

People become infected when mosquitoes inject "a small worm into their lymph nodes, which blocks circulation," Failloux explained.

At one point, around "30 percent of French Polynesia's population" was affected, she added.

- 'Increasingly vast playing field' -

Failloux would move to mainland France to study the Wuchereria bancrofti bacteria at university -- and dedicate herself to studying mosquito-borne diseases.

"Thirty years ago, climate change wasn't a major topic of discussion -- neither were mosquitoes," she said.

"Luckily, I persisted, then at some point, I was needed," said Failloux, who now heads the Pasteur Institute's arbovirus and insect vector unit.

While she had wanted to return to work in French Polynesia, life intervened.

"I met a husband in mainland France... so there you have it," Failloux said.

Rising temperatures caused by human-driven global warming have given mosquitoes -- and the many pathogens they spread -- "an increasingly vast playing field," she warned.

According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of the world's population is now at risk of being exposed to one of more infectious diseases that were long considered tropical.

These diseases kill more than a million people a year, most of them children, according to the UN agency.

From 2028, Failloux will lead a team of around 15 researchers at a large new research centre in which the Pasteur Institute invested 30 million euros ($35 million).

The centre aims to develop strategies to control mosquitoes, particularly through their microbiota.

For now, Failloux's training for young entomologists includes courses in anthropology and sociology because she believes fighting mosquitoes also requires engaging the public.

One "long neglected" yet essential measure in the fight against mosquitoes is "cleaning your garden, unclogging your gutters," and eradicating any other stagnant water where mosquitoes could breed, Failloux added.

G.Allen--SFF