San Francisco Frontiers - Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan sign defence pact amid regional war

Riyadh is looking to strengthen its security ties against the backdrop of war between the United States and Iran, which has drawn in surrounding nations and disrupted shipping through the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea.

The war has emboldened Iran and its Houthi allies in Yemen, both of which have attacked Saudi Arabia, while analysts say Washington is now seen as an increasingly unreliable partner.

In a joint statement published by the official Saudi press agency and Pakistan's foreign ministry, the three countries announced the signing of the "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement".

They declared a "shared commitment to further strengthening their collective security and to promoting peace, security and stability in the region and beyond".

Pakistan's foreign ministry said the pact meant an attack on any member would be regarded as an attack on all, adding it was "intended to strengthen collective deterrence".

Ankara nonetheless said later that the agreement was "not aimed at any particular country", according to a post on X by the presidency's communications director.

It added that "the agreement is not in contradiction with the commitments of Turkey's existing international alliances, including those at the heart of NATO," according to a post on X by the government's anti-disinformation service.

Riyadh said "the agreement does not represent an effort to establish a military axis or a sectarian bloc".

"Nor is it linked to any nuclear ambitions or arms race, rather it is focused on building sustainable capabilities," Deputy Minister for Public Diplomacy Rayed Krimly said on X.

The "does not constitute a threat to the security of any country in the region", he added.

- 'Layers of security' -

Since the onset of the regional war, Saudi Arabia has grown closer to Turkey, Egypt and Pakistan, which have been pushing for mediation and a resolution to the conflict.

Umar Karim, an expert on Saudi foreign policy at the University of Birmingham, England, said the alignment "is clearly oriented towards Iran and meant to address Iran's new strategic approach which is geared towards dominance of the broader Gulf region".

The fact that Turkey and Pakistan border Iran means they could "exercise a different kind of leverage" on Tehran, he added.

A source close to the Saudi military and government told AFP before the signing that although the agreement had been under discussion for a long time, "the latest developments in the region expedite it".

Andreas Krieg of King's College London said the deal showed a clear desire to diversify alliances beyond the United States.

"Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan are not trying to replace the United States," he said.

"They are building the capacity to protect their interests when Washington cannot or will not do so."

Riyadh, in particular, he added, "wants several layers of security rather than one American umbrella", after the shock of the Iran war.

The deal will support Saudi Arabia's ambitions to become an organiser of regional security and diversify its defence umbrella, said Krieg. Turkey and Pakistan gain political clout and access to potential Saudi investments, he added.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan met Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in Mecca on Friday, the Turkish presidency said on X, sharing an image of the meeting.

Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and army chief Asim Munir also travelled to the Gulf kingdom for the signing.

- Renewed Houthi attacks -

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan had already announced a mutual defence pact in 2025, a move that drew attention because Pakistan is the Muslim world's only nuclear-armed state.

The deal also comes as a truce between Riyadh and the Houthi rebels in neighbouring Yemen has broken down. The Houthis have launched attacks on Saudi soil and declared a maritime blockade against Saudi Arabia, which they have attempted to enforce by attacking Saudi tankers.

The Houthis, backed by Iran, have added pressure to Gulf energy exporters --- already under strain from Tehran's blockade of the Strait of Hormuz -- by threatening Red Sea shipping.

Saudi Arabia has led a military coalition backing Yemen's internationally recognised government against the Houthis since 2015.

A truce was agreed four years ago which largely held until hostilities broke out again in recent weeks.

On Thursday, the Houthis killed at least 58 Yemeni government troops in missile and drone attacks, a military source said, in one of the conflict's deadliest days in years.

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