San Francisco Frontiers - Angola: key moments of the Dos Santos regime

- Civil war -

On September 20, 1979, Dos Santos takes office as Angola's president after the death of the country's first post-independence leader Agostinho Neto.

At the time, the pro-Soviet People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) is fighting a civil war against the pro-Western National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) which erupted just before Angola won independence from Portugal in 1975.

While apartheid South Africa backs UNITA, the MPLA has the support of Cuban forces.

South African forces finally withdraw in 1988, while the last Cuban soldiers leave Angola in 1991.

- Peace deal, vote then war -

In May 1991, Dos Santos and UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi reach a peace agreement which includes elections.

In September 1992, the MPLA wins Angola's first democratic elections.

But UNITA rejects the results and the second round of voting is cancelled as heavy fighting resumes.

From January to March 1993, UNITA's fight for the central city of Huambo leaves an estimated 12,000 people dead. And the UN says another 25,000 people are killed throughout the year in Kuito, also in the centre.

On November 20, 1994, new peace accords are signed in Zambia paving the way for the disarmament of UNITA and its participation in government.

In 1997, UNITA deputies take up their seats and a unity government is formed. But civil war resumes the following year.

- End of civil war -

On February 22, 2002, UNITA leader Savimbi is killed by the army in western Angola.

April 4, the army and UNITA sign a ceasefire agreement to end the civil war, which has left at least 500,000 dead over 27 years of fighting.

On September 5, 2008, the MPLA wins an overwhelming victory in the first peace-time elections.

Four years later, the party scores another resounding win, scooping 71.8 percent of the vote.

On September 26, 2012, Dos Santos is sworn in after being formally elected for the first time.

- Protests and repression -

In spring 2011, people take to the streets to call for greater freedom of expression, democracy and better living conditions. But the protests are banned and put down by the police, often violently.

In June 2013, Dos Santos names his son Jose Filomeno as head of a sovereign wealth fund, sparking accusations of nepotism and corruption fears.

In June 2015, more than a dozen activists, including rapper Luaty Beirao, are arrested in Luanda on accusations of rebelling against the president.

On March 28, 2016, 17 youth activists, including Beirao, are handed between two and eight years in jail but are largely granted amnesty later in the year.

In June 2016, Isabel Dos Santos, the president's eldest daughter and Africa's richest woman, according to Forbes, is appointed to head up Sonangol, the national oil firm, with opponents accusing her of getting rich on her father's coat-tails.

- End of an era -

On February 3, 2017, Dos Santos confirms he will not run in elections planned for August, naming his loyal Defence Minister Joao Lourenco as the candidate to succeed him.

July 20, 2017, Dos Santos returns to Luanda after two weeks in Spain as rumours swirl about his health.

September 26, 2017, attends the inauguration of his successor Lourenco

September 8, 2018, he relinquishes power as head of the MPLA.

In April 2019, he leaves the country reportedly for routine medical checks, but he does not return until September 2021, prompting commentators to conclude he was in self-imposed exile.

M.Hill--SFF