San Francisco Frontiers - Turkish Cypriots caught in citizenship limbo on divided island

Since a Turkish invasion 50 years ago triggered by an Athens-backed coup, Cyprus has been divided between the Greek-speaking UN-recognised republic in the south and the Turkish Cypriot north, which unilaterally declared independence in 1983.

The 24-year-old activist's mother is Turkish Cypriot, which should grant her the right to Cypriot citizenship.

But her paternal grandmother moved from Turkey after the 1974 invasion, making her an illegal settler according to Cyprus.

A European Union member, Cyprus refuses to grant citizenship to Turks who moved to the north after the 1974 invasion or to their descendants, making Dogan ineligible.

"I'm trapped in northern Cyprus," Dogan told AFP from the northern half of the island's divided capital Nicosia.

She does not have a Turkish passport, and her identity card was issued by the breakaway Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which covers about a third of the eastern Mediterranean island.

Greek Cypriot lawyer Achilleas Demetriades, who works in the republic, represents a Turkish Cypriot whose case is similar to Dogan's.

He said that under the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, having a parent born on the island should give the right to Cypriot nationality.

However, Loizos Hadjivasiliou of the Cyprus interior ministry said the law on citizenship rights "is not implemented in cases where one of the two parents has either entered or resided illegally in Cyprus".

- 'Political position' -

A ministerial council has the power to grant individual requests from descendants of Turkish settlers, but "it is very difficult to give citizenship to the children of invaders", he said.

Ministry figures shared with AFP show that 4,895 such Turkish Cypriots have been granted citizenship since 2003.

"No application under this category has ever been rejected. In cases (in) which the above criteria are not met, applications remain pending" for examination, the ministry said.

Demetriades said the Republic of Cyprus has made it difficult to apply for citizenship, reflecting a "political position".

"It's extremely simple," he said, adding that Cypriot citizenship "is given by parents of birth, not place of birth".

Such laws are "applied all over the planet, except in the occupied territories", Demetriades said.

His colleague Pantelitsa Evagorou, who is working on the case, said that "the fact that applications are still pending... affect the right of the applicants to an effective remedy before the courts in the Republic of Cyprus."

Dogan fears returning to Turkey, the only place where her TRNC documents are recognised and where she had been studying medicine.

"In a documentary on France 24 in 2023 I called Turkey an occupier," she said, adding that her comments sparked attacks in the Turkish press and even death threats. 

In 2022 Dogan, now reading law at the University of Nicosia in the republic, started an advocacy group "for the resolution of the mixed marriage problem".

- 'Daily difficulties' -

She estimates that some 15,000 Turkish Cypriots are in a similar situation, with Cypriot roots but also parents or grandparents from mainland Turkey, and only TRNC citizenship.

A Turkish Cypriot association in the north -- 'Kimliksizler dernegi', or 'Association of Those with No Identity' -- gives a similar figure.

A 2021 census showed a TRNC population of around 290,000, compared with some 920,000 in the republic that year, according to official figures.

Surreya Celman, 43, is the daughter of Turkish Cypriots and has Cypriot citizenship.

Her oldest son was born in Turkey to a Turkish father and is eligible for citizenship through her, but her youngest son was born in the republic and is not -- because the authorities say his father entered Cyprus illegally via the north.

Celman tried to sue the Cyprus government over her youngest son's status, but the interior ministry said he "must wait for the decision from the council of ministers, like others on the list".

Turkish Cypriot academic Huri Yontucu, 34, is an activist with Unite Cyprus Now, a group she said "is trying to increase awareness of the daily difficulties faced by mixed marriage children".

"No Cypriot ID means no visa to travel abroad other than Turkey," she said. Obtaining a Turkish passport "was my only option to travel".

Yontucu's mother is Turkish Cypriot but her father is Turkish, and she too has a pending nationality application.

"I am punished because my mum and dad fell in love," she said.

V.Mitchell--SFF