San Francisco Frontiers - India marks last Pakistan conflict at Himalayan frontier

The 1999 Kargil conflict was the last major battle between two nuclear-armed foes who have fought numerous wars since their partition into two nations on independence from British colonial rule.

It came just a year after tit-for-tat atomic weapons tests by the neighbours spurred international alarm that the confrontation risked tipping into all-out nuclear war.

Friday's ceremony marks the 25th anniversary of the conflict's end, when sustained diplomatic pressure from Washington and elsewhere forced Pakistan's withdrawal.

"Times change, seasons change, but the names of those who give their lives for the country live forever," Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who laid a wreath for India's fallen soldiers, told the crowd at a memorial for the conflict in the town of Drass.

"India was trying for peace at the time. But Pakistan once again showed its untrustable face."

The high-altitude confrontation began when Pakistan-backed militants crossed into Indian territory at Kargil, a remote and high-altitude outpost on the countries' shared frontier.

At least 1,000 people were killed over the following 10 weeks, but the conflict ended with no changes to the status quo along the border.

Pakistan withdrew after severe pressure from Washington, alarmed by intelligence reports showing Islamabad had deployed part of its nuclear arsenal nearer to the conflict.

The aftermath roiled Pakistan's establishment, with then-prime minister Nawaz Sharif blaming his army chief Pervez Musharaf for igniting the conflict without his knowledge or approval.

Months later, Musharaf overthrew Sharif in a coup in one of Pakistani military's periodic political interventions.

- 'We are stronger' -

India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and countless border conflicts since they were partitioned out of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.

They remain deeply at odds over control of the restive territory of Kashmir, divided between the two countries and claimed in full by both.

Kargil is feted as one of India's greatest military triumphs over its perennial foe.

"We are stronger economically, military-wise and technologically," General Ved Prakash Malik, India's army chief at the time of the conflict, told AFP.

"They have to realise the difference that has come about the way they are being ruled by the army and the way we are being ruled as a democracy."

Asked about the likelihood of a conflict similar to the Kargil confrontation in the future, Mailk said Pakistan would not "dare to try that again".

F.Edwards--SFF