San Francisco Frontiers - Experts question Albania's AI-generated minister

"Diella" is touted as the world's first virtual minister, and Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama promised the appointment would end rampant corruption in government contracts -- a major obstacle to the Balkan nation's accession to the European Union.

But serious technical, political and ethical questions have been raised about the virtual lawmaker.

- Truly incorruptible? -

In announcing Diella's appointment, Rama claimed that public tenders would now be "100 percent free of corruption".

"Diella never sleeps, she doesn't need to be paid, she has no personal interests, she has no cousins, because cousins are a big issue in Albania," according to the prime minister, whose country ranks 80th out of 180 in Transparency International's corruption index.

Albanian politicians are frequently implicated in corruption scandals linked to public funds.

The former mayor of the capital Tirana was detained while in office and remains in custody, suspected of corruption in connection with the awarding of government contracts.

The opposition leader and former prime minister Sali Berisha is also suspected of awarding public contracts to his associates.

- Is Diella the solution? -

Not really, according to experts.

"Like any AI system, she depends entirely on the quality and consistency of the data and the reliability of the models behind her," said Erjon Curraj, an expert in digital transformation and cybersecurity.

The exact workings of Diella remain unknown, but it likely relies on Large Language Models (LLM) to respond to queries -- similar to the vast amounts of text that power generative chatbots such as ChatGPT or Gemini.

But if input data is incomplete, biased, or outdated, the AI's decisions will reflect those flaws, and it "might misinterpret documents, wrongly flag a supplier, or miss signs of collusion", Curraj said.

"LLMs reflect society; they have biases. There's no reason to believe it solves the problem of corruption," computer scientist and artificial intelligence specialist Jean-Gabriel Ganascia said.

"Assuming a machine has no biases implies we must submit to the machine," Ganascia said.

- Who has control? -

The Albanian opposition has appealed to the Constitutional Court over concerns about who would be accountable for the AI's decisions.

"Who will control Diella?" Berisha asked the parliament.

Ganascia agrees that questions of accountability and control are key when it comes to AI.

"If public decision-making is entrusted to a machine, it means there is no longer accountability; we are reduced to the state of slaves."

"What worries me is the idea of a machine governing, offering the 'right' answer, and preventing any deliberation," the researcher, who is also a philosopher, said.

"A politician takes responsibility, but here, the idea is that the machine is perfect, and we cannot go against its decisions anyway."

Appearing to address these concerns, a decree published Thursday states that Rama "also holds responsibility for the creation and operation of the virtual Ministry of Artificial Intelligence Diella."

- Old corruption, new software -

The appointment grabbed headlines around the world, something the prime minister excels at whether by attending international meetings in sneakers, announcing a TikTok ban, creating a Bektashi State modelled on the Vatican, or opening migrant camps to house people intercepted at sea by the Italian government.

But achieving his goals is a different issue.

TikTok remains easily accessible in Albania, only a few dozen men have been transferred to the migrant camps and the initiative's legality is still being contested by Italian courts.

Little public progress has been made either on the Bektashi State since its announcement a year ago.

As for Diella, whose face is that of the well-known Albanian actress Anila Bisha, who signed a contract expiring in December for the use of her image, it is unclear whether her appointment will survive the Constitutional Court's scrutiny.

It is also uncertain whether it will comply with the standards of the European Union, which Albania hopes to join within the next five years.

"So far, there is no information about how Diella actually works," Albanian political scientist Lutfi Dervishi said.

"If a corrupt system provides manipulated data, or filters are set up on what it must not see, Diella will merely legitimise old corruption with new software."

W.Carter--SFF