San Francisco Frontiers - What is the UN's 'Pact for the Future'?

These are the key aspects of the pact that was adopted Sunday by the UN's 193 members at a gathering ahead of the body's centerpiece high-level week.

- Peace and international law -

The pact underlines the "increasingly complex challenges" to world peace, notably the threat of nuclear war, with the document reiterating the UN's core tenets.

They are: respect for the organization's charter, respect for human rights, protection for civilians, and promotion of diplomacy to resolve conflict -- all of which are routinely trampled in the numerous conflicts raging worldwide.

The pact also calls for the elimination of nuclear weapons.

At a time when thousands of blue helmet peacekeepers are deployed internationally, it acknowledges the continued need for such missions -- even though they are sometimes decried by host countries.

It also demands Secretary-General Antonio Guterres undertake a review of the future of the UN's peacekeeping operations and how the body's "toolbox" can be adapted to respond to situations in a more "agile" and "tailored" way.

- Environment -

"Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time" and "we are deeply concerned at the current slow pace of progress" in arresting the march of environmental destruction, states the pact.

In spite of efforts, it is not markedly different from the commitments of COP28 at the end of 2023 -- namely to transition away from fossil fuels, triple renewables usage by 2030, attain carbon neutrality by 2050, and redouble efforts to cap warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Achieving those lofty ambitions will be a challenge. Any reference to fossil fuels was scrubbed from the text during negotiations, only to be subsequently reintroduced.

"There was ferocious pushback from some fossil-fuel-producing countries," said Alden Meyer, of the E3G think-tank who hailed the inclusion of a sole, hard-won reference to fossil fuels in the adopted pact.

- Finance and development -

The pact promises to accelerate efforts to attain the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals which aim for the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, an intensified battle against hunger, promotion of gender equality and education.

Most of the objectives, set in 2005 and reiterated last year, are far from being realized.

Against that backdrop, and with poor countries particularly mobilized for change, the pact calls for "reform of the international financial architecture."

The goal of such reform would be to allow certain countries previously excluded from preferential access to development loans to be given such financing, in order to help them prepare for the impact of climate change.

But any progress in that direction will have to be accompanied by changes elsewhere -- notably at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

- Security Council -

Faced with paralysis in the Security Council, which has been hamstrung by Russian and US vetoes, the pact foresees reform of the UN's most important body.

Constituted in the Second World War's aftermath, the pact seeks to make it more representative and to right "historical injustice" against Africa which does not yet have a permanent seat.

Guterres hailed it as "the strongest language on Security Council reform in a generation."

But the text does nothing to paper over the deep disagreements that dog the issue -- namely the possibility of having new permanent members and reform of the powerful veto.

- Artificial intelligence -

Countries also adopted an annex to the main text -- a Global Digital Compact -- seeking to reduce the digital divide, and develop safe and representative technology for the benefit of all.

It focuses particularly on the risks and opportunities of artificial intelligence.

As transformative technologies continue to evolve at light speed, threatening democracy and human rights, the compact commits to the creation of an Independent International Scientific Panel to promote dialogue between states and those active in the sector.

A.Smith--SFF